(1) The money measurement concept requires all assets and liabilities to be accounted for at historical cost. (2) The substance over form. convention means that the economic substance of a transaction should be reflected in the financial statements, not necessarily its legal form. (3) The realisation concept means that profits or gains cannot normally be recognised in the income statement until realised. (4) The application of the prudence concept means that assets must be understated and liabilities must be overstated in preparing financial statements.
(1) The entity concept requires that a business is treated as being separate from its owners. (2) The use of historical cost accounting tends to understate assets and profit when prices are rising. (3) The prudence concept means that the lowest possible values should be applied to income and assets and the highest possible values to expenses and liabilities. (4) The money measurement concept means that only assets capable of being reliably measured in monetary terms can be included in the balance sheet of a business.
$m Ordinary share capital 100 Share premium account 40 Retained earnings 60 10% Loan notes 40 The company’s income statement for the year ended 30 June 2005 showed: $m Operating profit 44 Loan note interest (4) ___ Profit for year 40 ____ What is the company’s return on capital employed?
Which of the following disclosures are required by IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors in these financial statements? 1 The reasons for the change. 2 The amount of the consequent adjustment in the current period and in comparative information for prior periods. 3 An estimate of the effect of the change on future periods, where possible.
1 If certain criteria are met, research expenditure must be recognised as an intangible asset. 2 Goodwill may not be revalued upwards. 3 Internally generated goodwill should not be capitalised.
Which of the following factors could account for the shortfall? 1 Sales were lower than expected. 2 The opening inventories had been overstated. 3 The closing inventories of the business were higher than the opening inventories. 4 Goods taken from inventories by the proprietor were recorded by debiting drawings and crediting purchases with the cost of the goods.
The learning rate was actually better than expected and only (i) could cause it to improve.
The substance is that there is no ‘free’ finance; its cost, as such, is built into the selling price.