【名词&注释】
生产关系(production relations)、历史条件(historical conditions)、决定因素(determinants)、剩余价值(surplus value)、无产阶级(proletariat)、客观唯心主义(objective idealism)、不断学习(unceasing study)、主观唯心主义(subjective idealism)、职能资本(functional capital)、商业资本家(merchant capitalist)
[多选题]党的十七届四中全会指出，世界在变化，形势在发展，中国特色社会主义实践在深入，党始终走在时代前列引领中国发展进步的决定性．因素是
A. 不断学习(unceasing study)、善于学习
B. 努力掌握和运用一切科学的新思想、新知识、新经验
C. 认清基本国情
D. 坚持社会主义初级阶段不动摇
查看答案&解析
举一反三：
[单选题]根据下列文章，回答41～45题。Directions:
A. In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41～45), choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
B. Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. ______（41）______ .
C. American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.______（42）______ .
D. In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology._____（43）______.
E. Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. ______（44）______.
F. Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.______（45）______.
G. Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
H. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
I. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
J. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
K. They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
L. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
M. Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
N. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred se
O. 请选择(41)处最佳答案（ ）。{Page}
[多选题]新民主主义革命时期的统一战线包括两个联盟，它们是（ ）
A. 工农联盟
B. 无产阶级同其他劳动人民的联盟
C. 无产阶级同可以合作的非劳动人民的联盟
D. 无产阶级同民族资产阶级的联盟
[多选题]我国社会主义初级阶段的长期性的根本决定因素是
A. 我国进入社会主义的历史条件
B. 我国建成社会主义所需要的物质基础
C. 我国的生产关系
D. 我国的经济体制
[单选题]商业资本作为一种独立的职能资本(functional capital)，也获得平均利润，其直接原因是（ ）
A. 商业部门和产业部门之间的竞争和资本转移
B. 产业资本家为销售商品将部分利润让渡给商业资本家(merchant capitalist)
C. 商业资本家(merchant capitalist)加强对商业雇员的剥削
D. 产业部门将工人创造的一部分剩余价值分割给商业部门
[单选题]中国唐代哲学家刘禹锡提出：“天，有形之大者也；人，动物之尤者也”。这种观点是
A. 唯心主义的
B. 主观唯心主义(subjective idealism)的
C. 客观唯心主义的
D. 唯物主义的
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